어주(御注)의 도덕경 제3장 해석 비교 연구

초록

This article compares and analyzes four emperor commentaries on Chapter 3 of Tao Te Ching, and tries to clarify the understanding of emperor commentary on Lao-tzu’s ‘Wuwei’ politics. Since the subject of interpretation is emperor, emperor commentary commentates Chapter 3 of Tao Te Ching from the perspective of emperor. All four emperor commentaries are in agreement in that they are wary of emperor’s attitude towards ‘the wise man’, but do not view ‘the wise man’ negatively, and understand ‘Wuwei’ as an active political method. However, each of four emperor commentaries has one main word and interprets Chapter 3 of Tao Te Ching. The main words of four commentaries are ‘Xingfen’, ‘Xingming’, ‘people’s livelihood’, and ‘ignorance’, respectively. Tangxuanzong’s emperor commentary’s ‘Wuwei’ politics is to prevent emperor from coveting anything other than ‘Xingfen’ to people, so that people live a life that follows only their own ‘Xingfen’. Songhuizong’s emperor commentary’s ‘Wuwei’ politics is for emperor to grasp and supervise people’s ‘Xingming’, so that people keep and embody the ability and substance of their own ‘Xingming’. Mingtaizu’s emperor commentary’s ‘Wuwei’ politics is for emperor to enrich people, who are the foundation of the country, economically and stabilize ‘people’s livelihood, so that people do not have dissatisfaction with state affairs and live with satisfaction with their current lives. Qingshizu’s emperor commentary’s ‘Wuwei’ politics is that emperor makes people lose their sense of discernment and lead them to a state of ‘ignorance’, so that the people do not cling to external things and do not covet. Depending on the keyword, the content and meaning of ‘Wuwei’ politics mentioned in four emperor commentaries are somewhat different, but the goal is not very different. All four emperor commentaries aim for the people to conform to their respective ability and not try to go beyond them. Its goal is different from four emperor commentaries in that Heshanggong and Wangbi focus on restoring the simple and honest nature of people and understand ‘Wuwei’ politics. However, four emperor commentaries pay attention to the fact that Wangbi did not deny the social necessity of ‘the wise man’ and that Heshanggong interpreted ‘Wuwei’ in both passive and positive ways. In four emperor commentaries, it is said that living according to people’s natural ability cannot be achieved by people themselves, but must be achieved by emperor. Therefore, in four emperor commentaries, on the one hand, emphasizing to people to live obeying their own natural ability, on the other hand, emphasizing to emperor to active govern according to the nature of people. As such, ‘Wuwei’ politics mentioned in four emperor commentaries is centered on the ‘Making it so’ of emperor, not the ‘spontaneous’ of people.

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