미국에서의 과학, 민간단체의 후원, 그리고 이민제한의 삼각동맹 - 파이오니어 재단(the Pioneer Fund)의 활동을 중심으로

초록

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation of “science - patronage - racial discourse - limitation activities for the immigration” focusing on the pioneer fund in the historical context. This will show that the history of eugenics is not the past fact but the meaningful proper theme on the history study, be the momentum to review the scientific discourse and social responsibility of the scientists critically, and contribute to expand the horizon of the studies on the American immigration history. Eugenics in the early 20th century in the USA had ever been utilized as the justification tool to restrict the immigration for those who were considered as the inferior races. This reflects that the scientific discourse and social execution are not separable issues and also the immigration matters are required with very comprehensive approach. On the other hand, restriction law of eugenic immigration in 1920s tended to be determined as the temporary winning of eugenics in the previous studies on many eugenics histories. However, referring to the recent deepening situation of anti-immigration sentiment in the US society and new immigration laws since 1990s, it is easily recognized that the eugenic idea for the preservation of American race and the restriction of immigration for the inferior races are prevailed. In the wake of this trend, the activities of Pioneer Fund which had got attention from the public with Bell Curve’s publication demonstrate many things. This fund had been established by the financial support of W. Draper who was a textile manufacturer, and supported to the studies related to eugenics and activities to restrict the racial discriminative immigration. Major eugenics academies were participated in this fund in the early 20th century, and this fund has supported to a variety of research and execution activities for the preservation of original immigrants’ families and exclusion of inferior races financially, such as the studies on the risks of racial mixtures, specialized eugenic education and establishments of research institutions, publications and PR of pro-eugenics studies, restriction activities of the immigration, and so on, to maintain its existence so far. This clearly shows that the mutual correlations of the science(eugenics), patronage, racism, and restriction of immigration affect each other over the century. In addition, this reflects that eugenics is not the past context but the reality which can be repeated.

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