包世臣의 위기 인식과 ‘士’의 행정 참여 확대 모색

초록

This study examines the pursuit of greater participation of non-bureaucratic elites in administration by Bao Shichen, the reformer of the first half of the Nineteenth Century Qing with the sense of crisis, and presents its historical meaning. Bao recognized that the system crisis at that time originated from the problem of bureaucratic administration. The problem of bureaucratic administration is related to the deterioration of the quality of bureaucratic elites and non-bureaucratic elites, and the root cause was the existing bureaucrat selection system. Under the existing bureaucratic selection system, a standardized method was used to select too few bureaucrats, causing a deterioration in the quality of bureaucratic elites and non-bureaucratic elites. Recognizing this, Bao put forward reform proposals to elect more and more bureaucrats in more diverse ways. In this way, Bao proposed expanding the administrative participation of non-bureaucratic elites with the intention of securing high-quality regular bureaucrats and reserve bureaucrats by reforming the bureaucrat selection system and responding to the systemic crisis. Accordingly, it is necessary to reexamine the previous studies that understood the search for expansion of the participation of non-bureaucratic elites in the context of the development of the 'theory of decentralization' since Gu Yanwu in late Ming.

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