现代汉语“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”的对比研究

초록

The constructions “bu + V + zhe” and “mei + V + zhe” in Modern Chinese are superficially similar but functionally distinct negative structures. Drawing on corpus data, this study offers a contrastive analysis of their semantic differences and commonalities by integrating the categories of tense, aspect, and modality. The findings indicate that both constructions occur in past, present, and future contexts. However, “bu + V + zhe” displays a temporally unconstrained tendency and is predominantly used in present and future contexts; in past contexts, it typically co-occurs with modal and frequency adverbs. In contrast, “mei + V + zhe” is associated with experiential or realized situations and occurs mainly in past and present contexts, with only limited use in future contexts, typically in conditional clauses. Aspectually, the former negates the continuation or maintenance of a state or action, whereas the latter negates both the persistence of a state and the inception of an action. Both constructions exhibit similar selectional preferences in that the verbs in the V position are predominantly stative and activity predicates. In terms of modality, “bu + V + zhe” primarily conveys subjective and irrealis negation, whereas “mei + V + zhe” expresses objective and realis negation. The two constructions may be interchangeable under specific conditions when combined with stative or cognitive verbs; this interchangeability can be attributed to the structural compatibility of stage-level stative predicates, modal neutralization, and ambiguity in reference time. This study thus systematizes the functional differentiation between the two constructions.

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